Mercaptofunctional high mubeta eo chromophores and high tg, low optical loss, covalently bonded, high mubeta eo chromophore containing polymers and methods of synthesizing eo materials

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates generally to mercaptofunctional high μβ EO chromophores and EO polymers, and particularly to mercaptofunctional high μβ EO chromophores and EO polymers useful for making electro-optical devices and systems. Mercaptofunctional high μβ EO chromophores are covalently bonded to poly(imido sulfide) polymers producing high Tg, low optical loss, covalently bonded, high μβ EO chromophore containing polymers. Methods of synthesizing these EO materials using mild polymerization conditions are also described.

BACKGROUND

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates generally to mercaptofunctional highdipole moment and hyperpolarizability (μβ) electro-optic (EO)chromophores and EO polymers, and particularly to mercaptofunctionalhigh μβ EO chromophores and EO polymers useful for makingelectro-optical devices and systems.

2. Technical Background

Organic chromophores are a basic element needed to build organicpolymeric electro-optic materials. Traditionally, organic polymeric EOmaterials are made via the polymerization of EO chromophores whichusually include dihydroxyl functional groups. EO materials are useful insystems and devices for emitting, modulating, transmitting or sensinglight. EO chromophores bearing amino, vinyl and carboxylic acidfunctional groups have also been used in synthesizing organic polymericEO materials. Organic polymeric EO materials such as polyesters,polyimides and polyurethanes have been synthesized from these monomers.

However, materials such as polyesters, polyimides and polyurethanes haveseveral disadvantages. For example, in order to synthesize some of thesepolymers, a harsh reaction environment such as acidic or basic reactionconditions are needed; and in addition high temperatures are needed forthe polymerization reaction to occur. These harsh polymerizationconditions usually result in the destruction of the EO chromophores.Another disadvantage of EO chromophores bearing hydroxyl or aminofunctional groups is that these chromophores usually cause a largeoptical loss at major communication wavelengths, for example at 1550 nm.

Mercaptofunctional high μβ EO chromophores are especially sensitive toharsh polymerization conditions and are not stable to basic, acidic andfree radical polymerization conditions. However, mercaptofunctional highμβ EO chromophores are advantageous for use in organic polymeric EOmaterials due to the low optical loss associated with —SH functionalgroups on the chromophore. The incorporation of these —SH chromophoresinto electro-optical polymers has proven challenging due to thesensitivity of the chromophores' terminal —SH groups. Several years havebeen spent trying to determine alternative polymerization reactions thatcan be carried out under mild polymerization conditions to produceorganic polymeric EO materials having high glass transition (Tg)temperatures with low optical loss at communication wavelengths.

Organic polymeric EO materials having the following properties would beparticularly useful. First, the active component, the EO chromophore,should be thermally and photochemically stable. Second, the EOchromophore should have a high molecular nonlinearity while beingcompatible with the polymer host material. Third, both the EOchromophore and the polymer host materials should possess opticaltransparency at communication wavelengths. Fourth, the EO chromophoreshould be able to be aligned in a noncentersymmentric fashion by polingand should remain stable for many years while retaining a high EOcoefficient.

Bismaleimides are known as high temperature thermosetting resins havinghigh Tg temperatures (some greater than 200° C.). These thermosettingresins cure via addition polymerization to produce high performancepolymeric materials. Bismaleimides can be reacted with diamines ordithiols forming Michael type adducts, polyimides, or poly(imidosulfides) through a step-growth polymerization mechanism. Although somecomplicated side reactions may occur in the reaction betweenbismaleimide and diamine or dithiols which can lead to the production ofinsoluble crosslinked polymers, a polymerization solvent having anacidic hydrogen atom can effectively suppress the side reactions fromthe anionic mechanism to give rise to linear polymers. During the1980's, the structure and properties of different hydrocarbon poly(imidosulfide) materials were extensively investigated by General Electric andThe Dow Chemical Company. However, Michael addition polymerizationproducing an EO chromophore containing poly(imido sulfide) polymeruseful for organic polymeric EO materials and devices has presentedchallenges due to the harsh polymerization conditions typically requiredfor a covalent bond between the poly(imido sulfide) polymer and the EOchromophore.

Octafluorobenzidine bismaleimide and its Michael adducts withfluorine-containing diamines are used in the preparation of highlyfluorinated poly(imido amides). However, poly(imido amides) cannot beused for organic polymeric EO materials and devices at communicationwavelengths, because of the strong absorption of NH groups in thepolymer chain. Halogen-containing bismaleimide derivatives reacted witha diol are typically used to prepare polyether-polyimides material forthe optical communication industry. There is a low glass transition (Tg)disadvantage associated with some halogenated polymers such ashalogenated acrylate polymers, in particular, fluorinated polyimides.Another disadvantage is the solvent process capability of fluorinatedpolyimides.

For the foregoing reasons, the technical challenge for synthesis of ahigh Tg, low optical loss, covalently bonded and high μβ EO chromophorescontaining polymers lies not only in the synthesis of the polymeric hostmaterial, but also in the polymerization reaction incorporating the EOchromophore into the final material. Since polymerization conditions asdiscussed above can destroy the unique donor, acceptor and electron richbridge electronic structures of the high μβ chromophores, especiallymercaptofunctional high μβ chromophores whose incorporation in EOmaterials would be advantageous due to the low optical loss associatedwith the —SH functional group, improved methods for synthesizing thesematerials is highly desirable.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Maleimide copolymers with low optical loss, high Tg and excellentsolvent process capability have been developed and are described in U.S.Pat. No. 6,503,421 B1, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein byreference in its entirety, having a common assignee as the presentinvention. The maleimide copolymers described therein have been furtherdeveloped in the present invention to produce novel poly(imido sulfide)polymeric and halogenated poly(imido sulfide) polymeric host materialsfor covalently bonding mercaptofunctional high μβ chromophores usefulfor organic polymeric EO materials and devices.

One embodiment of the present invention relates to electro-opticalchromophores having general Formula I:

wherein:

-   -   C* denotes a chiral carbon atom;    -   D is an electron donating group;    -   B comprises at least one bivalent ring;    -   R₂ and R₃ are different from one another; and    -   R₂ is selected from the group consisting of H, substituted or        unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀        alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl,        substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted        alkylaryl, substituted or unsubstituted carbocycle, substituted        or unsubstituted heterocycle, substituted or unsubstituted        cyclohexyl, and (CH₂)_(n)—O—CH₂)_(n) where n is an integer from        1 through 10; and    -   R₃ is selected from the group consisting of substituted or        unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted alkylaryl,        substituted or unsubstituted carbocycle, substituted or        unsubstituted heterocycle, substituted or unsubstituted        cyclohexyl, and (CH₂)_(n)—O—(CH₂)_(n) where n is an integer from        1 through 10;    -   or R₂ and R₃ together form a ring structure or a substituted        ring structure; and    -   the compound of Formula I has at any location, at least one        terminal —SH group capable of reacting with a maleimide bond.

Another embodiment of the present invention relates to electro-opticalpolymers comprising at least one N-(halogenated phenyl) maleimide and atleast one sulfide selected from the group consisting of substituteddithiols, di or bis(alkyl mercapto) sulfides, and halogenateddi(mercapto) compounds.

Another embodiment of the present invention relates to electro-opticmaterials comprising a polymer having a poly(imido sulfide) backbone andan electro-optical chromophore having at least one terminal —SH groupcapable of reacting with a maleimide double bond, the —SH group being atany location on the EO chromophore.

Another embodiment of the present invention relates to a method ofsynthesizing an electro-optical material comprising a polymer having apoly(imido sulfide) backbone and an electro-optical chromophore havinggeneral Formula I:

the method comprising

reacting a selected sulfide compound with a N-(halogenated biphenyl)bismaleimide and with the optical chromophore in a solvent utilizing acatalyst;

maintaining the reaction temperature between about 20° C. and about 60°C. for about two hours;

precipitating the resulting polymer into a solution of methanol andhydrochloric acid;

washing the resulting precipitated polymer with methanol;

drying the polymer in a vacuum oven at about 60° C. to about 80° C. forabout 16 hours thereby obtaining an EO material;

wherein, in the compound of Formula I;

wherein:

-   -   C* denotes a chiral carbon atom;    -   D is an electron donating group;    -   B comprises at least one bivalent ring;    -   R₂ and R₃ are different from one another; and    -   R₂ is selected from the group consisting of H, substituted or        unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀        alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl,        substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted        alkylaryl, substituted or unsubstituted carbocycle, substituted        or unsubstituted heterocycle, substituted or unsubstituted        cyclohexyl, and (CH₂)_(n)—O—CH₂)_(n) where n is an integer from        1 through 10; and    -   R₃ is selected from the group consisting of substituted or        unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted alkylaryl,        substituted or unsubstituted carbocycle, substituted or        unsubstituted heterocycle, substituted or unsubstituted        cyclohexyl, and (CH₂)_(n)—O—(CH₂)_(n) where n is an integer from        1 through 10;    -   or R₂ and R₃ together form a ring structure or a substituted        ring structure; and    -   the compound of Formula I has at any location, at least one        terminal —SH group capable of reacting with a maleimide bond        forming a covalent bond.        Examples, without limitation, of the useful compounds include        substituted dithiols, di or bis(alkyl mercapto) sulfides, and        halogenated di(mercapto) compounds. [Note: generally, for drying        all polymers described in this specification, the drying        temperature is in the range of 60° C. to 80° C. and the drying        time is until dry, typically in the range of 12 to 20 hours].

Another embodiment of the present invention relates to a method ofsynthesizing an electro-optical polymer comprising a N-(halogenatedbiphenyl) bismaleimide and at least one sulfide selected from the groupconsisting of substituted dithiols, di or bis(alkyl mercapto) sulfides,and halogenated di(mercapto) compounds, the method comprising:

-   -   reacting a sulfide with a N-(halogenated biphenyl) bismaleimide        in a solvent utilizing a triamine catalyst for example,        triethylamine;    -   maintaining the reaction temperature between about 20° C. and        about 60° C. for about two hours;    -   precipitating the resulting polymer into a solution of methanol        and hydrochloric acid;    -   washing the resulting precipitated polymer with methanol; and    -   drying the polymer in a vacuum oven in the range of about 60° C.        to about 80° C. for about 16 hours thereby obtaining an EO        material.

Additional features and advantages of the invention will be set forth inthe detailed description which follows, and in part will be readilyapparent to those skilled in the art from the description or recognizedby practicing the invention as described in the written description andclaims hereof, as well as the appended drawings.

It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description andthe following detailed description are merely exemplary of theinvention, and are intended to provide an overview or framework tounderstanding the nature and character of the invention as it isclaimed.

The accompanying drawings are included to provide a furtherunderstanding of the invention, and are incorporated in and constitute apart of this specification. The drawings illustrate one or moreembodiment(s) of the invention and together with the description serveto explain the principles and operation of the invention.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The invention is best understood from the following detailed descriptionwhen read with the accompanying drawing figures.

FIG. 1 is an EO polymer structure of the present invention as shown byFTIR results.

FIG. 2 is a ¹³C NMR spectrum of halogenated poly(imido sulfide) of thepresent invention according to Scheme 2.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

As used herein, the term “C*” designates a “chiral” carbon atom wherethe mirror image of the compound is different then the compound. Inaddition, “C*” can denote a spiro center when C* in combination with R₂and R₃ forms a ring or substituted ring. In such instances, C* can bespiro and chiral or simply spiro.

The mercaptofunctional high μβ chromophores and organic polymericelectro-optic (EO) materials of the present invention improve the low Tgproblem associated with fluorinated acrylate polymers and help tofacilitate solvent process capability of halogenated polyimides, inparticular fluorinated polyimides. Maleimide copolymers, in particularhalogenated maleimide copolymers of the present invention, possess lowoptical loss, high Tg temperatures and excellent solvent processcapability and higher thermal stability.

The present invention provides mercaptofunctional high μβ chromophores,poly(imido sulfide) and halogenated poly(imido sulfide) linear opticpolymers and nonlinear optic polymeric materials incorporating EOchromophores. The present invention further provides methods of makingthe poly(imido sulfide) and halogenated poly(imido sulfide) linear opticpolymers and nonlinear optic polymeric EO materials that allowmercaptofunctional chromophores to be copolymerized into a high Tg andlow optical loss halogenated covalently bonded polymer matrix using verymild polymerization conditions. These methods, as further describedbelow, minimize damage to the chromophore that is normally caused byusing radical, acid or base catalysis with the sensitivemercaptofunctional high μβ chromophores during the polymerizationreaction.

One embodiment of the present invention relates to electro-opticalchromophores having general Formula I:

wherein:

-   -   C* denotes a chiral carbon atom;    -   D is an electron donating group;    -   B comprises at least one bivalent ring;    -   R₂ and R₃ are different from one another; and    -   R₂ is selected from the group consisting of H, substituted or        unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀        alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl,        substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted        alkylaryl, substituted or unsubstituted carbocycle, substituted        or unsubstituted heterocycle, substituted or unsubstituted        cyclohexyl, and (CH₂)_(n)—O—CH₂)_(n) where n is an integer from        1 through 10; and    -   R₃ is selected from the group consisting of substituted or        unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted alkylaryl,        substituted or unsubstituted carbocycle, substituted or        unsubstituted heterocycle, substituted or unsubstituted        cyclohexyl, and (CH₂)_(n)—O—(CH₂)_(n) where n is an integer from        1 through 10;    -   or R₂ and R₃ together form a ring structure or a substituted        ring structure; and    -   the compound of Formula I has, at any location, at least one        terminal —SH group capable of reacting with a maleimide bond.

D is an electron donating group. Preferred electron donating groups aredescribed in, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,584,266 B2, the disclosure ofwhich is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety, having acommon assignee as the present invention.

B is a cyclic bridge which couples the electron withdrawing group andthe electron donating group. Preferably, B is at least one bivalentring. Bivalent rings which can be employed as cyclic bridges in thepresent invention are also described in, for example, U.S. Pat.6,584,266 B2.

Another embodiment of the present invention relates to electro-opticalchromophores having Formula II:

wherein:

-   -   C* denotes a chiral carbon atom;    -   R₂ and R₃ are different from one another; and    -   R₂ is selected from the group consisting of H, substituted or        unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀        alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀alkynyl, substituted        or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted alkylaryl,        substituted or unsubstituted carbocycle, substituted or        unsubstituted heterocycle, substituted or unsubstituted        cyclohexyl, and (CH₂)_(n)—O—CH₂)_(n) where n is an integer from        1 through 10; and    -   R₃ is selected from the group consisting of substituted or        unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted alkylaryl,        substituted or unsubstituted carbocycle, substituted or        unsubstituted heterocycle, substituted or unsubstituted        cyclohexyl, and (CH₂)_(n)—O—(CH₂)_(n) where n is an integer from        1 through 10; or    -   R₂ and R₃ together form a ring structure or a substituted ring        structure;    -   R₄ and R₅ can be the same or can be different and are selected        from the group consisting of H, C_(n)H_(2n+1), and SH; or    -   R₄ and R₅ together or separately form an aromatic compound;    -   R₆ and R₇ can be the same or can be different and are selected        from the group consisting of H, CH₃, SH and (CH)_(n2−)Q, wherein        Q is selected from the group consisting of H and SH and n₂ is an        integer from 1 through 10; or    -   R₆ and R₇ together or separately form an aromatic compound;    -   n₁ is an integer from 1 through 3; and    -   the compound of Formula II has, at any location, at least one        terminal —SH group capable of reacting with a maleimide bond.

Exemplary electro-optic chromophores having Formula II are as follows,but are not limited to:

Electro-optic chromophores having Formula II can be synthesized by thefollowing exemplary scheme:

Another embodiment of the present invention relates to electro-opticalchromophores having Formula III:

wherein:

-   -   C* denotes a chiral carbon atom;    -   R₂ and R₃ are different from one another; and    -   R₂ is selected from the group consisting of H, substituted or        unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀        alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀alkynyl, substituted        or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted alkylaryl,        substituted or unsubstituted carbocycle, substituted or        unsubstituted heterocycle, substituted or unsubstituted        cyclohexyl, and (CH₂)_(n)—O—CH₂)_(n) where n is an integer from        1 through 10; and    -   R₃ is selected from the group consisting of substituted or        unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted alkylaryl,        substituted or unsubstituted carbocycle, substituted or        unsubstituted heterocycle, substituted or unsubstituted        cyclohexyl, and (CH₂)_(n)—O—(CH₂)_(n) where n is an integer from        1 through 10; or    -   R₂ and R₃ together form a ring structure or a substituted ring        structure;    -   R₆ and R₇ can be the same or can be different and are selected        from the group consisting of H, CH₃, SH and (CH)_(n2−)Q, wherein        Q is selected from the group consisting of H and SH and n₂ is an        integer from 1 through 10; or    -   R₆ and R₇ together or separately form an aromatic compound; and    -   the compound of Formula III has, at any location, at least one        terminal —SH group capable of reacting with a maleimide bond.

Exemplary electro-optical chromophores having Formula III are asfollows, but are not limited to:

Another embodiment of the present invention relates to electro-opticalpolymers comprising at least one N-(halogenated phenyl) maleimide and atleast one sulfide selected from the group consisting of substituteddithiols, di or bis(alkyl mercapto) sulfides, and halogenateddi(mercapto) compounds.

Another embodiment of the present invention relates to electro-opticalpolymers comprising a N-(halogenated biphenyl) bismaleimide and at leastone sulfide selected from the group consisting of substituted dithiols,di or bis(alkyl mercapto) sulfides, and halogenated di(mercapto)compounds.

The above-mentioned electro-optical polymers form novel poly(imidosulfides) of the present invention. Particularly useful poly(imidosulfides) have at least one N-(halogenated phenyl) maleimide havingFormula IV:

wherein:R₈, R₉, R₁₀, R₁₁ and R₁₂ can be the same or can be different and areselected from the group consisting of H, F, Cl, Br, CF₃, C₂-C₈fluoroalkyl and fluoroaryl; andat least one of R₈, R₉, R₁₀, R₁₁ and R₁₂ contains a halogen or ahalogenated alkyl or aryl group.

Exemplary N-(halogenated phenyl) maleimides having Formula IV aredescribed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,503,421 B1, the disclosure of which isincorporated herein by reference in its entirety, having a commonassignee as the present invention. As described therein, perfluorogroups are especially useful. Examples of useful R₈, R₉, R₁₀, R₁₁ andR₁₂ groups include but are not limited to include CF₃, C₂F₅, C₃F₇, etc,perfluoroalkyl groups and C₆F₅ perfluoroaryl groups. Preferably, atleast one of R₈, R₉, R₁₀, R₁₁ and R₁₂ contains fluorine. Morepreferably, at least one of R₈, R₉, R₁₀, R₁₁ and R₁₂ is fluorine, i.e.,one, two, three or four of the R₈, R₉, R₁₀, R₁₁ and R₁₂ moieties arefluorine.

Exemplary poly(imido sulfides) are as follows, but are not limited to:

wherein:n₂ is an integer greater than 20. Preferably, n₂ is an integer greaterthan 50.

Exemplary poly(imido sulfides) can be synthesized by the followingexemplary scheme:

The octfluorobiphenyl bismaleimide (OFBP-BMI) monomer,1,1′-(2,2′,3,3′,5,5′,6,6′-octafluoro(1,1′-biphenyl)-4,4′-diyl)bis-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione (140714-27-8), can be synthesized by thetypical two-step process (Searle procedure) which is described in U.S.Pat. No. 6,503,421 B1. The two step process is found to give a typicalyield of only 20%. Based on the reaction scheme and spectra analysis,the low yield of bismaleimide is likely attributed to the intermolecularimidization reaction of maleic amine acid which gives rise to a highmolecular weight polymer instead of the desired intramolecularimidization reaction for bismaleimide. To improve the yield, a one-potprocess (Vygotski method) was used in the present invention by refluxingthe maleic anhydride and maleic diamine (in a 5 to 1 molar ratio)mixture in glacial acetic acid for 24 hours. The final product waspurified by sublimation twice to obtain white crystalline bismaleimide.

2,3,5,6,-tetrachlorobenzene 1,4-dithiol (TCBDS) was synthesized by arearrangement reaction from the corresponding diphenol.Bis(4-mercaptophenyl) sulfide (MPS), 2,2′-Dimercaptodiethyl sulfide(DMDS) and 4-Chloro-1,3-benzenedithiol (CBDS) were purchased and used asreceived without further purification.

Polymerization was performed as follows. Into a 100 ml glass flaskequipped with a magnetic stirrer, a rubber septum and a nitrogen bulbwere placed 1.972 g (4 mmol) OFBP-BMI, and 1.00 g (4 mmol)Bis(4-mercaptophenyl) sulfide monomer (MPS) and 50 grams ofC₇H₈O/C₆H₄(OH)CH₃ (m-cresol) as the solvent. After injection into theglass flask of 25 mg of catalyst (triethylamine), the reaction wasmaintained at 40° C. for two hours. The resulting viscous polymersolution was slowly precipitated into an acidified solution ofmethanol/hydrochloric acid. The precipitated polymer was washed withwarm methanol and then dried in a vacuum oven at 60° C. for 16 hours.The yield of white dry polymer powder was 2.52 grams (85%). Similarreactions can be carried out using TCBDS, DMDS and CBDS. Typical yieldsof the resulting polymer powder are in the range of about 70% to about80%.

To test the influence of various reaction conditions on the Michaeladdition step-growth polymerization (Scheme 2), different reactiontemperatures of about 20° C. and about 60° C. along with differentsolvents such as THF, cyclohexanone and DMF were used to prepare thepolymer with the same set-up as above. Preferably, the solvent isselected from the group consisting of m-cresol, m-cresol derivatives,tetrahydrofuran (THF), cyclohexanone, and dimethylformamide (DMF). Whenthe solvent is m-cresol, the reaction temperature may be maintainedbetween about 20° C. and about 45° C. M-cresol provides lowertemperatures in the polymerization process and side chain reactions areminimized, thus improved yields may be associated with the use ofm-cresol.

A detailed spectral analysis (FTIR, ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR and ¹⁹F NMR) wasperformed and revealed the structure of an exemplary poly(imido sulfide)synthesized according to Scheme 2. The conclusive determination of thepoly(imido sulfide) structure is shown in the FTIR results in FIG. 1 andin the ¹³C NMR spectrum of halogenated poly(imido sulfide) according toScheme 2 as shown in FIG. 2 and DEPT ¹³C experiments.

Another embodiment of the present invention relates to electro-opticmaterials comprising a polymer having a poly(imido sulfide) backbone andan electro-optical chromophore having at least one terminal —SH groupcapable of reacting with a maleimide bond. The present inventionprovides covalently bonded mercaptofunctional chromophores and opticalpolymers. The electro-optical materials of the present invention canhave a plurality of electro-optical chromophores each electro-opticalchromophore having at least one terminal —SH group capable of reactingwith a maleimide bond. Multiple —SH groups provide a branched polymerhaving multiple electro-optical chromophores.

Another embodiment of the present invention relates to electro-opticalmaterials comprising a polymer having a poly(imido sulfide) backbone andan electro-optical chromophore having general Formula I:

wherein:

-   -   C* denotes a chiral carbon atom;    -   D is an electron donating group;    -   B comprises at least one bivalent ring;    -   R₂ and R₃ are different from one another; and    -   R₂ is selected from the group consisting of H, substituted or        unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀        alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl,        substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted        alkylaryl, substituted or unsubstituted carbocycle, substituted        or unsubstituted heterocycle, substituted or unsubstituted        cyclohexyl, and (CH₂)_(n)—O—CH₂)_(n) where n is an integer from        1 through 10; and    -   R₃ is selected from the group consisting of substituted or        unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted alkylaryl,        substituted or unsubstituted carbocycle, substituted or        unsubstituted heterocycle, substituted or unsubstituted        cyclohexyl, and (CH₂)_(n)—O—(CH₂)_(n) where n is an integer from        1 through 10;    -   or R₂ and R₃ together form a ring structure or a substituted        ring structure; and    -   the compound of Formula I has, at any location, at least one        terminal —SH group capable of reacting with a maleimide bond.

Preferably, the electro-optical chromophore is selected from the groupconsisting of the electro-optical chromophore having Formula II:

wherein:

-   -   C* denotes a chiral carbon atom;    -   R₂ and R₃ are different from one another; and    -   R₂ is selected from the group consisting of H, substituted or        unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀        alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀alkynyl, substituted        or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted alkylaryl,        substituted or unsubstituted carbocycle, substituted or        unsubstituted heterocycle, substituted or unsubstituted        cyclohexyl, and (CH₂)_(n)—O—CH₂)_(n) where n is an integer from        1 through 10; and    -   R₃ is selected from the group consisting of substituted or        unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted alkylaryl,        substituted or unsubstituted carbocycle, substituted or        unsubstituted heterocycle, substituted or unsubstituted        cyclohexyl, and (CH₂)_(n)—O—(CH₂)_(n) where n is an integer from        1 through 10; or    -   R₂ and R₃ together form a ring structure or a substituted ring        structure;    -   R₄ and R₅ can be the same or can be different and are selected        from the group consisting of H, C_(n)H_(2n+1), and SH; or    -   R₄ and R₅ together or separately form an aromatic compound;    -   R₆ and R₇ can be the same or can be different and are selected        from the group consisting of H, CH₃, SH and (CH)_(n2−)Q, wherein        Q is selected from the group consisting of H and SH and n₂ is an        integer from 1 through 10; or    -   R₆ and R₇ together or separately form an aromatic compound;    -   n₁ is an integer from 1 through 3; and    -   the compound of Formula II has, at any location, at least one        terminal —SH group capable of reacting with a maleimide bond;        and the electro-optical chromophore having Formula III:

wherein:

-   -   C* denotes a chiral carbon atom;    -   R₂ and R₃ are different from one another; and    -   R₂ is selected from the group consisting of H, substituted or        unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀        alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl,        substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted        alkylaryl, substituted or unsubstituted carbocycle, substituted        or unsubstituted heterocycle, substituted or unsubstituted        cyclohexyl, and (CH₂)_(n)—O—CH₂)_(n) where n is an integer from        1 through 10; and    -   R₃ is selected from the group consisting of substituted or        unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted alkylaryl,        substituted or unsubstituted carbocycle, substituted or        unsubstituted heterocycle, substituted or unsubstituted        cyclohexyl, and (CH₂)_(n)—O—(CH₂)_(n) where n is an integer from        1 through 10; or    -   R₂ and R₃ together form a ring structure or a substituted ring        structure;    -   R₆ and R₂ can be the same or can be different and are selected        from the group consisting of H, CH₃, SH and (CH)_(n2−)Q, wherein        Q is selected from the group consisting of H and SH and n₂ is an        integer from 1 through 10; or    -   R₆ and R₂ together or separately form an aromatic compound; and    -   the compound of Formula III has at any location, at least one        terminal —SH group capable of reacting with a maleimide bond.

Preferably, at least one poly(imido sulfide) is halogenated. Forexample, the poly(imido sulfide) is selected from the group consistingof

wherein:n₂ is an integer greater than 20. Preferably, n₂ is an integer greaterthan 50.

Another embodiment of the present invention relates to a method ofsynthesizing an electro-optical material comprising a polymer having ahalogenated poly(imido sulfide) backbone and an electro-opticalchromophore having general Formula I:

the method comprising

reacting a sulfide with a N-(halogenated biphenyl) bismaleimide and withthe optical chromophore in a solvent utilizing a triamine catalyst forexample, triethylamine;

maintaining the reaction temperature between about 20° C. and about 60°C. for about two hours;

precipitating the resulting polymer into a solution of methanol andhydrochloric acid;

washing the resulting precipitated polymer with methanol; drying thepolymer in a vacuum oven in the range of about 60° C. to about 80° C.for about 16 hours thereby obtaining an EO material.

wherein, in the compound of Formula I;

-   -   C* denotes a chiral carbon atom;    -   D is an electron donating group;    -   B comprises at least one bivalent ring;    -   R₂ and R₃ are different from one another; and    -   R₂ is selected from the group consisting of H, substituted or        unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀        alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl,        substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted        alkylaryl, substituted or unsubstituted carbocycle, substituted        or unsubstituted heterocycle, substituted or unsubstituted        cyclohexyl, and (CH₂)_(n)—O—CH₂)_(n) where n is an integer from        1 through 10; and    -   R₃ is selected from the group consisting of substituted or        unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted alkylaryl,        substituted or unsubstituted carbocycle, substituted or        unsubstituted heterocycle, substituted or unsubstituted        cyclohexyl, and (CH₂)_(n)—O—(CH₂)_(n) where n is an integer from        1 through 10;    -   or R₂ and R₃ together form a ring structure or a substituted        ring structure; and    -   the compound of Formula I has, at any location, at least one        terminal —SH group capable of reacting with a maleimide bond.

Preferably, the solvent is selected from the group consisting ofm-cresol, m-cresol derivatives, THF, cyclohexanone, and DMF. When thesolvent is m-cresol, the reaction temperature may be maintained betweenabout 20° C. and about 45° C. M-cresol provides lower temperatures inthe polymerization process and side chain reactions are minimized, thusimproved yields may be associated with the use of m-cresol.

Exemplary non-linear optical polymers can be synthesized by thefollowing exemplary scheme:

The synthesis of linear electro-optical polymers was described above.The terpolymerization condition of non-linear poly(imido sulfide) is thesame as the linear Michael addition polymerization (Scheme 2). Thecovalent chemical bonded structure of terpolymer (Scheme 3) wasconfirmed by 1D NMR and 2D COSY NMR. The optical loss of terpolymer filmon a silica substrate is 0.8 dB/cm measured from slab waveguide. FromDifferential Scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurement, the glasstransition temperature of terpolymer is 157° C.

Bismaleimides can readily reacted with dithiols forming Michael typeaddition polymers. This is because those additions occur betweenelectron deficient parts such as fluorinated aromatic compounds andelectron rich parts such as thiols, under very mild polymerizationconditions.

The EO chromophores of the present invention are covalentlyco-polymerized into a high Tg nonlinear EO polymer. High Tg polymers cankeep the poled EO chromophores aligned in the EO polymer system atreasonably high temperatures. Covalently bonded EO polymers can alsominimize phase separation leading to lower optical loss at communicationwavelengths for example, 850 nm useful in indoor fiber networks, and1300 nm-1550 nm.

For the reasons discussed above, the choice of proper functional groupson the EO chromophore for polymerization is important in assuring lowoptical loss in the synthesized EO nonlinear polymer. Mercaptofunctionalhigh μβ chromophores are especially suited for use in electro-opticalapplications since they provide low optical loss at the afore-mentionedcommunication wavelengths. The EO chromophores of the present inventionhave at least one terminal —SH functional group located on the compoundfor reacting with a maleimide bond. Although these EO chromophores aresensitive to polymerization conditions, the method of synthesizing theEO materials of the present invention provides low temperature mildpolymerization conditions which allow the sensitive mercaptofunctionalhigh μβ EO chromophores to be incorporated into these EO materials.Also, since the EO materials obtained from this reaction provide verylow optical loss due in part to the halogenated backbone, in particularthe fluorinated backbone of the poly (imido sulfide) and very high glasstransition temperature, mercaptofunctional high μβ chromophores arepreferred in the preparation of non-linear EO polymers of the presentinvention.

The mercaptofunctional high μβ chromophores, halogenated poly(imidosulfide) linear optic polymers and nonlinear optic polymeric EOmaterials disclosed are suitable for electro-optical device applicationssuch as systems and devices for emitting, modulating, transmitting orfor sensing changes in light intensities.

The materials synthesized using Scheme 3 have a high Tg temperatures,low optical loss and result in solvent processable halogenatedpoly(imido sulfide) passive optical materials. These materials can beused to fabricate high Tg, low optical loss, low cost polymer waveguidecomponents and thermally stable polymer host materials forelectro-optical polymer modulators. Moreover, Michael addition reactionof halogenated bismaleimide with dithiol containing optical chromophorescan be used to synthesize the covalent bonded high μβ EO polymers undermild polymerization conditions. These covalent bonded high μβ EOpolymers exhibited a high Tg temperature (greater than about 150° C.)and low optical loss (˜0.8 dB/cm) at major communication wavelengths forexample, 1550 nm wavelengths.

It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that variousmodifications and variations can be made to the present inventionwithout departing from the spirit or scope of the invention. Thus, it isintended that the present invention cover the modifications andvariations of this invention provided they come within the scope of theappended claims and their equivalents.

1-6. (canceled)
 7. An electro-optic material comprising a polymer havinga poly(imido sulfide) backbone and an electro-optical chromophore havingat least one terminal —SH group on the electro-optical chromophore atany location capable of reacting with a maleimide bond.
 8. Theelectro-optical material of claim 7 wherein the electro-opticalchromophore has general Formula I:

wherein: C* denotes a chiral carbon atom; D is an electron donatinggroup; B comprises at least one bivalent ring; R₂ and R₃ are differentfrom one another; and R₂ is selected from the group consisting of H,substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, substituted or unsubstitutedC₂-C₁₀ alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl, substitutedor unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted alkylaryl,substituted or unsubstituted carbocycle, substituted or unsubstitutedheterocycle, substituted or unsubstituted cyclohexyl, and(CH₂)_(n)—O—CH₂)_(n) where n is an integer from 1 through 10; and R₃ isselected from the group consisting of substituted or unsubstituted aryl,substituted or unsubstituted alkylaryl, substituted or unsubstitutedcarbocycle, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle, substituted orunsubstituted cyclohexyl, and (CH₂)_(n)—O—(CH₂)_(n) where n is aninteger from 1 through 10; or R₂ and R₃ together form a ring structureor a substituted ring structure; and the compound of Formula I has, atany location, at least one terminal —SH group capable of reacting with amaleimide bond.
 9. The electro-optical material of claim 8 wherein theelectro-optical chromophore is selected from the group consisting of theelectro-optical chromophore having Formula II:

wherein: C* denotes a chiral carbon atom; R₂ and R₃ are different fromone another; and R₂ is selected from the group consisting of H,substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, substituted or unsubstitutedC₂-C₁₀ alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl, substitutedor unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted alkylaryl,substituted or unsubstituted carbocycle, substituted or unsubstitutedheterocycle, substituted or unsubstituted cyclohexyl, and(CH₂)_(n)—O—CH₂)_(n) where n is an integer from 1 through 10; and R₃ isselected from the group consisting of substituted or unsubstituted aryl,substituted or unsubstituted alkylaryl, substituted or unsubstitutedcarbocycle, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle, substituted orunsubstituted cyclohexyl, and (CH₂)_(n)—O—(CH₂)_(n) where n is aninteger from 1 through 10; or R₂ and R₃ together form a ring structureor a substituted ring structure; R₄ and R₅ can be the same or can bedifferent and are selected from the group consisting of H,C_(n)H_(2n+1), and SH; or R₄ and R₅ together or separately form anaromatic compound; R₆ and R₇ can be the same or can be different and areselected from the group consisting of H, CH₃, SH and (CH)_(n2−)Q,wherein Q is selected from the group consisting of H and SH and n₂ is aninteger from 1 through 10; or R₆ and R₇ together or separately form anaromatic compound; n₁ is an integer from 1 through 3; and the compoundof Formula III, has at any location, at least one terminal —SH groupcapable of reacting with a maleimide bond; and the electro-opticalchromophore having Formula III:

wherein: C* denotes a chiral carbon atom; R₂ and R₃ are different fromone another; and R₂ is selected from the group consisting of H,substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, substituted or unsubstitutedC₂-C₁₀ alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl, substitutedor unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted alkylaryl,substituted or unsubstituted carbocycle, substituted or unsubstitutedheterocycle, substituted or unsubstituted cyclohexyl, and(CH₂)_(n)—O—CH₂)_(n) where n is an integer from 1 through 10; and R₃ isselected from the group consisting of substituted or unsubstituted aryl,substituted or unsubstituted alkylaryl, substituted or unsubstitutedcarbocycle, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle, substituted orunsubstituted cyclohexyl, and (CH₂)_(n)—O—(CH₂)_(n) where n is aninteger from 1 through 10; or R₂ and R₃ together form a ring structureor a substituted ring structure; R₆ and R₇ can be the same or can bedifferent and are selected from the group consisting of H, CH₃, SH and(CH)_(n2−)Q, wherein Q is selected from the group consisting of H and SHand n₂ is an integer from 1 through 10; or R₆ and R₇ together orseparately form an aromatic compound; and the compound of Formula IIIhas, at any location, at least one terminal —SH group capable ofreacting with a maleimide bond.
 10. The electro-optical material ofclaim 8 comprising a plurality of electro-optical chromophores havinggeneral Formula I:

wherein: C* denotes a chiral carbon atom; D is an electron donatinggroup; B comprises at least one bivalent ring; R₂ and R₃ are differentfrom one another; and R₂ is selected from the group consisting of H,substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, substituted or unsubstitutedC₂-C₁₀ alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl, substitutedor unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted alkylaryl,substituted or unsubstituted carbocycle, substituted or unsubstitutedheterocycle, substituted or unsubstituted cyclohexyl, and(CH₂)_(n)—O—CH₂)_(n) where n is an integer from 1 through 10; and R₃ isselected from the group consisting of substituted or unsubstituted aryl,substituted or unsubstituted alkylaryl, substituted or unsubstitutedcarbocycle, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle, substituted orunsubstituted cyclohexyl, and (CH₂)_(n)—O—(CH₂)_(n) where n is aninteger from 1 through 10; or R₂ and R₃ together form a ring structureor a substituted ring structure; and the compound of Formula I has, atany location, at least one terminal —SH group capable of reacting with amaleimide bond.
 11. The electro-optical material of claim 7 wherein thepoly(imido sulfide) backbone is halogenated.
 12. The electro-opticalmaterial of claim 11 wherein at least one halogenated poly(imidosulfide) is selected from the group consisting of

wherein: n₂ is an integer greater than
 20. 13. The electro-opticalmaterial of claim 12 wherein n₂ is an integer greater than
 50. 14. Amethod of synthesizing an electro-optical material comprising a polymerhaving a poly(imido sulfide) backbone and an electro-optical chromophorehaving general Formula I:

the method comprising reacting a sulfide with a N-(halogenated biphenyl)bismaleimide and with the optical chromophore in a solvent utilizing acatalyst; maintaining the reaction temperature between about 20° C. andabout 60° C. for about two hours; precipitating the resulting polymerinto a solution of methanol and hydrochloric acid; washing the resultingprecipitated polymer with methanol; drying the polymer in a vacuum oventhereby obtaining an EO material; wherein, in the compound of Formula I;C* denotes a chiral carbon atom; D is an electron donating group; Bcomprises at least one bivalent ring; R₂ and R₃ are different from oneanother; and R₂ is selected from the group consisting of H, substitutedor unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl, substituted orunsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted alkylaryl, substitutedor unsubstituted carbocycle, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle,substituted or unsubstituted cyclohexyl, and (CH₂)_(n)—O—(CH₂)_(n) wheren is an integer from 1 through 10; and R₃ is selected from the groupconsisting of substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted orunsubstituted alkylaryl, substituted or unsubstituted carbocycle,substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle, substituted or unsubstitutedcyclohexyl, and (CH₂)_(n)—O—(CH₂)_(n) where n is an integer from 1through 10; or R₂ and R₃ together form a ring structure or a substitutedring structure; and the compound of Formula I has, at any location, atleast one terminal —SH group capable of reacting with a maleimide bond.15. The method of claim 14 wherein the solvent is selected from thegroup consisting of m-cresol, m-cresol derivatives, tetrahydrofuran(THF), cyclohexanone, and dimethylformamide (DMF).
 16. The method ofclaim 15 wherein the solvent is m-cresol and the reaction temperature ismaintained between about 20° C. and about 45° C.
 17. A method ofsynthesizing an electro-optical polymer comprising a N-(halogenatedbiphenyl) bismaleimide and at least one sulfide selected from the groupconsisting of substituted dithiols, di or bis(alkyl mercapto) sulfides,and halogenated di(mercapto) compounds, the method comprising: reactinga sulfide with a N-(halogenated biphenyl) bismaleimide in a solventutilizing a catalyst; maintaining the reaction temperature between about20° C. and about 60° C. for about two hours; precipitating the resultingpolymer into a solution of methanol and hydrochloric acid; washing theresulting precipitated polymer with methanol; and drying the polymer ina vacuum oven thereby obtaining an EO material.
 18. The method of claim17 wherein the solvent is selected from the group consisting ofm-cresol, m-cresol derivatives, tetrahydrofuran (THF), cyclohexanone,and dimethylformamide (DMF).
 19. The method of claim 18 wherein thesolvent is m-cresol and the reaction temperature is maintained betweenabout 20° C. and about 45° C.